Galileo found that the acceleration due to gravity of a falling light object is equal to that of a heavy object. Since F=ma, this means that for the acceleration to remain a constant, the gravitational force has to be directly proportional to the mass of the object, that is proportional to the product of its density and volume. Low density material, with a lower number of material targets, will provide a light shadow because incoming waves (or photons if you like) mostly pass straight through and are neither reflected nor absorbed, so the radiation imbalance on a light object will be small. Denser material suffer more collisions with incoming photons, or more radiation pressure imbalance and cast a darker shadow, so radiation imbalance increases with density (proportional to the number of matter targets per unit volume), as does gravity. This is why, all objects fall at the same rate of acceleration regardless of their masses. The 'darkness' of this shadowing effect depends on the density of the mass responsible for the shadowing effect. The denser the substance is, higher the number of matter targets, and the bigger is the chance of an EM wave to collide with the atom's constituent targets and be reflected. The more reflected waves, the less will emerge from the opposite face, and the object will thus cast a darker shadow on any mass in its vicinity. As with everything in the universe it should have an upper boundary limit, which should define a total darkness, or a total black shadow. This happens when the photon density reaching the surface area is equal to the number of matter targets making up the nuclei within the target, which will result in complete reflection of all radiation, and produce a total shadowing effect. Therefore as material density increases, the chances of the radiation reaching deeper matter targets will decrease. When the mass per unit cross sectional area is increased over the point of total shadowing, there will be no increase in radiation pressure over that area, and what we call mass defect in nuclear physics, will occur. This means that radiation pressure has an upper limit and once this limit is reached, the force of gravity is no longer proportional to the product of density and volume but to the product of density and cross sectional area of the target. This also means that if we have a disk shaped up of a material so dense as to be able to cast a totally black shadow, the radiation pressure (gravity) on its face will be the same as that of an infinitely long cylinder of the same material and of the same cross sectional area. Both gravitational and inertial masses will be lower than the sum of those belonging to the same cylinder sliced in small pieces. The consequences are that huge bodies, like for example our sun, will reach this limit due to their size, and totally shadow a big part of their mass as hidden mass. The sun will effectively have the mass of a disk of the same radius and maximum permitted density per unit area. In other words, if one could split the sun in two, the sum of masses of the two sections will exceed that of the original mass.
A study on the mass per unit cross sectional area of the planets in our solar system confirms this, and shows that the mass of planets of the size of Earth and above, start deviating from their normal mass=density*volume to one which is more like that of the surface of a disk, having mass=density*cross sectional area. The missing mass effect is not abrupt but increases inverse exponentialy with depth. From present knowledge about planet formation, we know that all planets forming around a star should more or less made up of the same material, and so have approximately the same density. The chart below clearly shows that planets with cross sectional area greater than earth cast a totally black shadow, and that their mass is no longer proportional to their volume but to their cross sectional area. The exception is only with Jupiter (not plotted) due to the fact that this planet radiates its own radiation, and so has an effect over its total radiation pressure, and makes its present data unreliable for such a study. See how this concept may experimentally show that gravity is in fact background radiation pressure. The difference between the mass proportional to volume and reduced mass due to shadowing or total shadowing, perfectly explains the mass defect enigma in the nuclear structure of matter, usually associated with some form of internal binding energy. It also explains the non linearity of mass increase with increasing atomic number. The more neutrons and protons packed inside the nucleus core, the more shadowed and invisible the central parts become. These effects, would no longer be enigmas, but evidence that this theory is correct.
| Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass (1024
kg) | 0.3302 | 4.869 | 5.975 | 0.6419 | 1,898.6 | 568.46 | 86.83 | 102.43 | 0.0125 |
| Equatorial Radius
(km) | 2439 | 6052 | 6378 | 3393 | 71,492 | 60,268 | 25,559 | 24,766 | 1137 |
| Mass/Cross sectional area
(1010kg/m3) | 1.767 | 4.232 | 4.675 | 1.775 | 11.824 | 4.982 | 4.231 | 5.316 | 0.308 |
Stanley V. Byers, was the first researcher to my knowledge to notice this characteristic in our solar system. In fact, within his excellent work on this subject he shares many common ideas to gravity being radiation energy pressure. The only major but important difference, being that the radiant energy in Byers' theory is not electromagnetic in nature but some yet undiscovered type of radiant energy. Quoting Byers, one of the reasons for which he excludes EM energy for being the responsible for the gravity pressure is that "If the spectrum causing gravity were EM radiation, the Earth would soon be turned to toast". He says "EM radiation causes the manifestation of heat energy, Prime radiation does not." This is in fact one of the major pitfalls of push gravity and LeSage variant theories. But the solution is not to run away from electromagnetic radiation. The answer is found in the Mie scattering mechanism and doppler shift, which can completely eliminate the manifestation of heat energy, during momentum exchange between an electromagnetic wave and a target. So you see that electromagnetic radiation at such high frequency (and energy) need not turn everything into toast, and we do not need any other form of unknown radiant energy to explain gravity.
Macroscopic mass defect
One of the predictions of the EMRP theory is the macroscopic mass defect, which results as a direct consequence of the complete shadowing of the incoming ultra cosmic radiation. When the depth and density of matter in the direction of the wave propagation reaches a point in which the number of wavelets is outnumbered by the number of matter (standing wave) targets, all incoming wavelets will have been reflected back radially outwards from the massive body. This leaves the central core of matter totally shadowed from the external electromagnetic field, and thus totally isolated from any inertial or gravitational effects. In other words, the massive spherical centre will look like a dark flat disk to the exterior, and most matter within the sphere, no longer communicates with its force fields.
This has great implications in the way we think planets, stars and our own sun are composed. We would of course expect to find evidence of this macroscopic mass defect in the biggest bodies of our solar system, in which the sun gets its first place. This theory in fact supports the main issue that Professor Oliver K.Manuel, now long time member of Blaze Labs Yahoo team, has been pushing forward for the past years about the origin of the solar system with Iron-rich Sun. The main problem with Oliver's issue was that although he has all the physical evidence that a lot of iron is present in our sun, the gravitational force of the sun shows that its total mass is that of a ball of the same radius as the sun but with a density slightly greater than water! Would you believe that? The present accepted density for our sun is just 1.41g/cm3, yet we know it contains a vast quantity of metals which one cannot account for in its mass. How can we explain this? Simply by taking into account the totally shadowed spherical core within the sun's volume of matter. As shown in the diagram above, the macroscopic mass defect of our sun is far from negligible. From the planet data density curve, we find out that Earth is just in the limit of the curve in which the total body mass is proportional the product of its density and volume, that is it's core is just starting to look like a disk to external force fields. This means that the earth's radius is the limiting depth beyond which Earth's density increasingly shadows external ultra cosmic radiation from penetrating any deeper. For the same reason, planets of bigger diameter show mass anomalies which cannot be explained by current theories, since they will look more disk-like at their cores. The only way out for present theorists is to assume these are planets of light density material or mostly composed of gases. However, from the way planets are presumably formed, one would expect to find similar kind of matter, and hence densities within all components of our solar system, including the sun. Thus, it becomes evident, that all planets having bigger radius than Earth, have an internal mass defect core, leaving only a cored spherical shell and a saturated disk as their effective mass. The matter within the mass defect core (hidden behind the disk), will not show up in external force field interactions! If one assumes that this apparent mass of a flat saturated disk, belongs to a spherical body, then it is obvious that when the density is calculated as density=mass of disk/volume of sphere, this will result into a ridiculously low apparent density. Armed with this concept, we can even calculate the size of such dark core for all planets, and know their respective missing mass and also their 'inert' mass.
If one applies Newton's law of gravity, or even the latest refined theory of Einstein's laws of gravity, to the way galaxies spin, one will quickly stumble into a big problem: the galaxies should be falling apart. Galactic matter orbits around a central point because according to the known laws of gravity, its mutual gravitational attraction creates centripetal forces which exactly balance the centifugal forces. But here is a hunch : there is not enough mass in the galaxies to produce the observed spin, and we're not off by a small percentage, there should be about nine times the existing matter.
It was in the late 1970's when, Vera Rubin, an astronomer working at the Carnegie Institution's department of terrestrial magnetism in Washington DC, spotted this anomaly for the first time. This missing mass was termed dark matter. The best response from physicists was to suggest there is more stuff out there than we can see. The trouble was, nobody could explain what this "dark matter" was. Although researchers have made many suggestions about what kind of particles might make up dark matter, there is no consensus. It's an embarrassing hole in our understanding which can only be solved by accepting the EMRP gravity theory, even at the expense of invalidating some of the currently most established theories. Astronomical observations suggest that dark matter must make up about 90% of the mass in the universe. The missing 90% of dark matter is obviously in the totally shadowed cores of the massive bodies such as stars. This is another prediction that comes straight forward from the application of the explained macroscopic mass defect.
