New Energy Research
Project Ixion - Free Energy Converter

©2009 Ing.Xavier Borg

Science and Belief

Science is all about arriving to the most correct theory through a logic process. Belief is about accepting the truth through direct experience, or one that comes to us from reputable, respectful and thrustworthy sources. Without any kind of believe or faith, one would have to go through all logic behind the issue and confirm that the logic is really correct. This may be time consuming but most of the time worth the trouble to eliminate some hidden believe residing at the foundations of a new theory. When one accepts an idea, either because it's printed all over his physics textbooks, or because his favourite mad scientist declared it as true, or for whatever other plausible reason, one is said to believe in that statement. Believing does not require a person to understand the concept. As one may correctly argue, such beliefs might range from the most false to the most correct logic, and sometimes it may not be easy to discriminate between these two unless one does not apply some reliable method to do so. For example, until someone does not come up with a way to prove the logic behind the theory, science cannot explain whether it's the chicken or the egg that came first, so to date we can either believe there once existed a very first egg, a very first chicken, and even make up our own theories, but such theories will only obtain the status of hypothesis unless they are logically proven in a scientific way. Such a way has been used over the years to discriminate between good and bad science, and if properly implemented may be used to draw the line between science which is or is not consistent with reality. This is called the scientific method. It basically consists of four simple stages: observation, hypothesis, prediction, replicability. The order of these stages will also affect the 'strength' of the idea, for if the observation follows a theoretical prediction, then, that same prediction gets even stronger than one that had to be made up to explain some previously unexplained observed anomaly. In both cases, however, an idea validated using all four stages of the scientific method becomes part of science, and is no longer just a hypothesis or believe.

Before applying the scientific method, predictions can only be treated as potentially good hypothesis, but which can also be disproved depending on the outcome of further experimentation. Experiments are the most important tool to detect completely wrong hypothesis, and thus stop wasting any more time and money on the wrong track. If experimental data shows that there might be something that agrees with our original prediction, then, it would be a good sign and encourages the scientist to proceed with the following stages, and may also be used to refine the original theory. Even if experimental data shows to be 100% consistent with the predicted effects, data on its own is not enough for the idea to cross the line between belief and science. This stage applies both for ideas undergoing such analysis as well to well established theories, in which case such theory may get downgraded or completely erased from science. For example, if one simple experiment shows results which are incompatible with the most revered theory of our present science, that theory automatically gets downgraded to belief status. In history we have seen well established theories which were later found to be completely wrong, and others which have been found to be incomplete. A well known example of the latter are Newton's laws which break down at relativistic speeds. If prediction was not the first stage in the validating process, then, the experimental results should at that stage be used to attain some sort of theory which logically explains the hypothesis taken in the first stage, and must preferably be used to obtain further predictions which pass all stages within the scientific method. If all started off from a theoretical prediction, than the more credible becomes the original theory. The more predicted results become experimentally validated, the closer a theory gets to real science. The final stage is to draw up a concise description for all independent experimenters to properly perform at least one experiment which should show that the original prediction or hypothesis was correct, and is no longer to be treated as a pet theory, freak anolamy or belief. If the predicted results are not consistently reproduced by others, than, the theory cannot be part of science, and other ways have to be deviced in order to succesfully go through the replication stage. For this reason it is very important for the scientist to explain in great detail the procedure and equipment used during the experimentation stage which had originally shown positive results. As we have said, even with all the weight of experimental evidence from experiments and predictions, a scientific theory can never obtain the status of absolute truth and can be disproved at anytime using the same method. When a theory is introduced to students in such a way that its collapse or downgrade is not to be considered as scientifically possible, or that even speaking of such a possibility may be considered as a heresy, then that theory would unfortunately have obtained the status of a scientific dogma. Sometimes scientific dogmas and paradigmes are the weapons used by science 'politics' to keep a new valid theory from being exposed to the scientific community. If you reached these pages because you are a science explorer, then, applying the scientific method yourself might be the only way left for you to decide whether what you read here are just hypothesis or valid theories.


Newton's questions on magnetic and gravitational fields

Almost completely unknown, is the fact that Newton did serious considerations on the topic of free energy from background currents of what he considered as invisible matter. This he expected to manifest itself in both magnetic and gravitational fields. In one of his unpublished documents 'Questiones quædam Philosophiæ' he listed several experimental enquiries. Newton regarded gravity as caused by the descent of a subtle invisible matter striking all bodies, carrying them down.

Newton's enquiries regarding perpetual gravitational motion

"Try whither the weight of a body may be altered by heate or cold, by dilatation or condensition, beating , powdering, transfering to severall places or severall heights or placing a hot or heavy body over it or under it or by magnetisme whither leade or its dust spread abroade, whither a plate flat ways or edg ways isn heaviest, whither the rays of gravity may bee stopped by refecting or refracting them, if so a perpetuall motion may bee made one of these two ways.
The gravity of bodys is as their solidity, because all body{s} descend equall spaces in equal {times} consideration being had to the Resistance of the aire."

Under the heading of magnetism, we again find similar proposals. Most material he mentioned in 'Questiones' are in fact the problems which he later focused on during his career in science, and was a brief description of how he would attack each problem. Unfortunately, no documented records exist showing whether Newton did in fact follow up these matters.

Newton's enquiries regarding magnetic perpetual motion

1. The motion of any magneticall ray may bee knowne by attracting a needle in a corke on water.
2. Whither a magneticall pendulum is perpendicular to the Horizon or not, & whither iron is heaviest when impregnated, or when the north pole or southpole is upmost. Coroll. A perpetuall motion .
3. Whither magneticall rays will blow a candle move a red hot copper or iron needle, or passe through a red hot plate of copper or iron
4. A perpetuall motion .
5. Whither a loadestone will not turne around a red hot iron fashioned like wind mill sailes as the wind doth them. Perhaps cold iron may reflect the magn: rays with that pole which shuns the lodestone.

It's quite amazing that Newton recognized the possibility of extracting energy from such gravitational 'rays', even though momentum exchange from electromagnetic waves had not yet been theorized. Once this free work extraction possibility is accepted, background vacuum energy has to be taken into account, and form part of the closed system being analysed. According to today's physics, the zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess (at zero Kelvin) and is the energy of the ground state of the system, wrongly assumed to be of a non-degenerate kind. We also learn that since zero point energy is the lowest possible energy a system can have, this energy cannot be removed from the system and no useful work can be done. Here are a few quotes to ponder upon:

'Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point in the universe. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic and this we know it is for certain, then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheel work of nature.'
Nikola Tesla, 1932

'It is possible, and even probable, that there will be, in time, other resources of energy opened up, of which we have no knowledge now. We may even find ways of applying forces such as magnetism or gravity for driving machinery without using any other means. Such realizations, though highly improbable, are not impossible. An example will best convey an idea of what we can hope to attain and what we can never attain. Imagine a disk of some homogeneous material turned perfectly true and arranged to turn in frictionless bearings on a horizontal shaft above the ground. This disk, being under the above conditions perfectly balanced, would rest in any position. Now, it is possible that we may learn how to make such a disk rotate continuously and perform work by the force of gravity without any further effort on our part; but it is perfectly impossible for the disk to turn and to do work without any force from the outside. If it could do so, it would be what is designated scientifically as a "perpetuum mobile," a machine creating its own motive power. To make the disk rotate by the force of gravity we have only to invent a screen against this force. By such a screen we could prevent this force from acting on one half of the disk, and the rotation of the latter would follow. At least, we cannot deny such a possibility until we know exactly the nature of the force of gravity. Suppose that this force were due to a movement comparable to that of a stream of air passing from above toward the center of the earth. The effect of such a stream upon both halves of the disk would be equal, and the latter would not rotate ordinarily; but if one half should be guarded by a plate arresting the movement, then it would turn..'
Nikola Tesla, 1900

'The attractive features of the cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a power plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight.'
Nikola Tesla, 1932

'There are types of energy which lie outside the electromagnetic spectrum. Unfortunately, these research efforts have not been given recognition. For the most part, they have been performed by individuals without any support, whose work lies at the threshold of present-day science, and who are years ahead of science which is already established.'
Edgar Dean Mitchell, Ph.D, astronaut in Apollo 14 mission


'In our search for a new energy source, many of us know that the aether with its hidden energy is the only hope we have of succeeding in that quest. Modern physics views the vacuum of empty space not as a void but as a plenum of randomly fluctuating electromagnetic fields known as the zero-point energy'
Dr. Harold Aspden


'In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position'
Albert Einstein


'Therefore I thought in 1905 that in physics one should not speak of the ether at all. This judgement was too radical though as we shall see with the next considerations about the general theory of relativity. It moreover remains, as before, allowed to assume a space-filling medium if one can refer to electromagnetic fields (and thus also for sure matter) as the condition thereof'.
Albert Einstein - Grundgedanken und Methoden der Relativitätstheorie in ihrer Entwicklung dargestellt, 1920


'A material Particle: A body so small that, for the purpose of our investigation, the distances between its different parts maybe neglected, is called a material particle. Thus in certain astronomical investigations the planets, and even the sun, maybe regarded each as a material particle, because the difference of the actions of different parts of these bodies does not come to our notice. But we cannot treat them as material particles when we investigate their rotation. Even an atom, when we consider it as capable of rotation, must be regarded as consisting of many material particles. The diagram of a particle is of course a mathematical point, which has no configuration.'.
Maxwell Clerk - Matter and motion,1920


'I believe that I have really found the relationship between gravitation and electricity, assuming that the Miller experiments are based on a fundamental error. Otherwise, the whole relativity theory collapses like a house of cards.'
Albert Einstein, in a letter to Robert Millikan, June 1921

'My opinion about Miller's experiments is the following. ... Should the positive result be confirmed, then the special theory of relativity and with it the general theory of relativity, in its current form, would be invalid. Experimentum summus judex. Only the equivalence of inertia and gravitation would remain, however, they would have to lead to a significantly different theory.'
Albert Einstein, in a letter to Edwin E. Slosson, July 1925


'The effect of ether-drift has persisted throughout. After considering all the possible sources of error, there always remained a positive effect.'
Dayton Miller,1928


'The principal attraction of the theory of relativity is that it constitutes a logical unity. If any single one of its consequences proves to be inexact, it must be abandoned'
Albert Einstein - How I see the World, 1939


'Whenever a physical theory is revised or transformed, it is revealed that, nearly always, the observation of one or several facts which could not fit within the framework of the theory in its then current form is at the base of the changes. The facts always remain the keystone on which the stability of any theory depends, no matter how important it may be...For a theoretician really worth of the name, it may be said in passing that nothing could be more interesting than a fact which runs counter to a theory until then held to be sound; for him, the real work begins at that point.'
Max Planck - Introduction to Physics, 1941


'You imagine that I look back on my life's work with calm satisfaction. But from nearby it looks quite different. There is not a single concept of which I am convinced that it will stand firm, and I feel uncertain whether I am in general on the right track.'
Albert Einstein, on his 70th birthday, in a letter to Maurice Solovine, 28 March 1949


'I have now struggled with this basic problem of electricity for more than twenty years, and have become quite discouraged, though without being able to let go of it. I am convinced that a completely new and enlightening inspiration is needed... We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them'
Albert Einstein


The following quotes show how paradigms can affect even the most brilliant minds:

'There is no likelihood man can ever tap the power of the atom. The glib supposition of utilizing atomic energy when our coal has run out is a completely unscientific Utopian dream, a childish bug-a-boo. Nature has introduced a few fool-proof devices into the great majority of elements that constitute the bulk of the world, and they have no energy to give up in the process of disintegration.'
Robert A. Millikan, 1928 in his speech to the Chemists Club NY


'Any one who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine'
Ernest Rutherford, 1933


'One should not take this vacuum energy too literally, however, because the free-field theory is just a mathematical tool to help us understand what we are really interested in: the interacting theory. Only the interacting theory is supposed to correspond directly to reality. Because the vacuum state of the interacting theory is the state of least energy in reality, there is no way to extract the vacuum energy and use it for anything.'
John Baez, 1997 on SciAm board

Project Ixion is a clean energy generator, presently in its development stage. The aim is to produce the highest conversion efficiency from EM energy to mechanical energy, in order to use part of its output to drive an energy pump. The output of the energy pump is the sum of the low grade ambient energy input and the energy driving the pump.

What is the evidence?

Tesla's quote is the most fundamental statement. If [the backgorund is] static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic and this we know it is for certain, then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheel work of nature. Today, we know for certain about the existence of kinetic background radiation by being able to actually measure the cosmic background radiation energy (CMBR). This means that such machines will be able to operate anywhere in the universe as long as the CMBR is present. For terrestrial applications the same engine can make use of the low grade ambient heat as well.

What are its implications?

The introduction of such a new clean energy source will be revolutionary, and will change everyones life style on the planet. The invention or better, the discovery will rank with fire, and the wheel and will definetely impact the history of humanity for the years to come, and science will automatically gain better knowledge on magnetism and gravitation leading to an avalanche of new discoveries and new applications, including artificial life technologies. There will not be a single industry which would not be affected. Air pollution coming mainly from our present oil and coal burning power stations will be history, and humanity shall live in a cleaner and healthier environement. The role of present fuel business like oil, coal and nuclear sources will no longer be a load on our taxes. The utility business can still provide the basic network of power transmission, but the users will only have to pay to cover the cable maintanance costs and not the fuel charges. Air, sea, and land travelling will drastically change, both in performance, and economy. Water pumping in remote areas will no longer depend on wind and sun resources. Topping up our car's fuel tank, or importing coal or oil to power our power stations will be considered as events of the dark ages. Manufacturing of new background energy converters will take place old and absolete industries, and will create a new competitive market, developing multitudes of new jobs. Most probably, the change over will happen in just a few years without much planning and somehow without much control and restrictions. The world we live in will be drastically change in a matter of a year or two, during which many of the companies and things that have till now been almost part of our life will disappear, whilst being replaced by newer companies, gadgets to accompany us in our new future, the one everybody deserves. However one must keep in mind that with such great technological advancement, a greater responsability is required, for, as with all inventions, such technology could as well become the main cause of our race extinction if improperly handled or misused. In fact, holding back such a technology from the general public might, as bad as it may sound, be the only way to prevent such disaster from happening. A dilemma is thus created whether or not one has to suppress such technology in view of the present need for a cleaner energy source, for the sake of avoiding the risk of greater disasters.

This is no perpetual motion or overunity device, although quite a few changes in the current physics have to be made to accommodate its principle of operation, otherwise it could easily but wrongly be categorized as such. For those who do not consider background radiation, this engine would seem to perform magic, by perpetually creating mechanical energy out of nothing. However, once the background energy is taken into account this machine can be modelled as a simple heat engine. The input is ambient energy, the output is purely mechanical. This mechanical energy can then be converted into electrical energy using any of the present technologies, by simply coupling to its main rotating shaft. This project will cost about $30,000, and will be financed at our own expenses, as with all the rest of our projects. The aimed features of the final engine are:

Fuel : Background energy present everywhere

Engine : Class EM

Output : From a few watts to kW depending on physical parameters

Exhaust emissions : None

Radiation emissions : None

Operating lifetime : Theoretically eternal, practically until something breaks

Principle of operation : Background energy converter by offsetting energy reference level

Running cost per kW hour : None

Too good to be true? We'll see! We shall hopefully be able to complete this project by end of 2012 and we are presently very excited with our results which we consider to be our biggest achievement. Research work and experimental work are being done in parallel, and during the past months, many plans had to be binned, to be replaced by new ideas and hardware. Anyway, we have done our best to re-use most of the materials from one stage to the other. The goal of being able to present an engine and not just a simple validation experiment is that of avoiding such a discovery to be discounted for a wierd anomaly instead of something revolutionary to the human race.

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